Howard Oakley follows multi-frame narrative paintings back to Margarito d’Arezzo’s panel of about 1263, where Saint Margaret escapes a dragon because her cross irritates its innards. Gaudenzio Ferrari arranges twenty frames around a crucifixion four times their size, a layout graphic novels still use. William de Brailes’s Wheel of Fortune (c. 1240) nests three cycles of scenes in concentric rings.